从捐纳看乡村社会的个人生计与融资方式

• 作者： 冯学伟 ¹
• 作者单位：
  1.  南开大学
• 提交时间：2024-10-24

摘要: 清代捐纳是朝廷的钱袋子、士绅晋升的新梯子，纳监是庶民阶层援例取得出身的重要方式，是社会流动的重要工具，并且在相当程度上支持着科举。清末农家账簿《生财大道》记载了苏怀墀捐纳监生的全过程，举凡纳监银两的凑足方法、支付形式、输送过程、送照宴请、报礼衣冠置办、出结款式、捷报张贴等过程涉及的款项都有详细记载，为我们分析乡村中的个人生计和融资方式提供了十分珍贵的纳监个案。同时，苏氏家族重视科举，热衷功名，有纳监的传统，也为苏怀墀成功捐纳提供了思想基础及经济环境。纳监花费了苏怀墀从34岁到53岁近二十年的财富积累，因此，正途科举吸引着文人士子们“聪明的脑袋”，捐纳进升看紧了老百姓的钱袋子，二者从物质和精神两个方面消弥着影响社会治理的不稳定因素。

Abstract: The practice of donation for official ranks (捐纳) in the Qing Dynasty served as both a financial lifeline for the court and a new ladder of social ascension for the gentry. The purchase of academic degrees (纳监) was a pivotal mechanism for the commoners to gain social status, facilitating social mobility and significantly underpinning the imperial examination system. The rural account book titled ’The Path to Amass Wealth,’ dating from the late Qing era, meticulously documents the entire process of Su Huachi’s acquisition of a junior graduate degree through donation. This includes the accumulation of funds, modes of payment, transmission procedures, expenses related to celebratory feasts and gift-giving following the issuance of the degree certificate, attire preparations, formal statements of completion, and the posting of announcements. Such meticulous records offer invaluable insights into individual livelihood strategies and financing methods within rural communities.
Furthermore, the Su family’s emphasis on the imperial exams, their zeal for official positions, and their tradition of purchasing ranks provided both the ideological foundation and the economic context for Su Huachi’s successful donation. Spanning nearly two decades, from his 34th to his 53rd year, Su’s financial investment in acquiring this rank underscores the long-term commitment required. While the orthodox path of the imperial examinations attracted the intellectual elite, the monetized route of rank advancement closely watched over the common people’s purse strings. Collectively, these dual pathways of social elevation mitigated instability in governance by addressing material needs and nurturing scholarly aspirations, thereby contributing to societal harmony from both material and ideological perspectives.

• 来自： 冯学伟
• 分类： 法学 >> 法律史
• 稿件状态： 已投稿会议
会议名称： “中国法律史学会2024年年会”论文结集
• 引用： PSSXiv:202410.02313 (或此版本 PSSXiv:202410.02313V1)
  DOI:10.12451/202410.02313
  CSTR:32012.36.PSSXiv202410.02313
• 推荐引用方式： 冯学伟.从捐纳看乡村社会的个人生计与融资方式.哲学社会科学预印本平台:https://zsyyb.cn/abs/202410.02313.[PSSXiv:202410.02313V1] (点此复制)